By Jeff Dunsavage, Head of Research Publications and Insights
Senate Bill 1486 – currently moving through the Illinois General Assembly – would unnecessarily burden insurers and hurt the customers it is intended to protect.
“The measure would add new regulatory layers that could impede the accurate pricing of risk while doing nothing to address the underlying causes of rising premiums,” Triple-I said in a recently published Policy Brief. “Premiums are increasing at different rates across the country, reflecting a mix of factors that include climate events, shifting populations, rising costs to repair and replace property, and legal system abuse.”
All these factors drive up the number and the cost of claims and, if not properly addressed, could erode the policyholder surplus insurers are required to keep on hand to pay claims. If surplus declines below levels mandated by regulators, insurers must raise rates or rethink their appetite for writing coverage in riskier states.
Neither option is good for consumers.
If affordability is the goal, the most effective path is cost reduction. Illinois leaders should model the behavior of states that are addressing the root causes of rising insurance premiums – not just treating the symptoms.
The brief also points out that both homeowners’ and personal auto insurance in Illinois is more affordable than the U.S. average, when measured as a ratio of average insurance expenditures to median household income.
The Louisiana Department of Insurance’s new partnership to combat marketing tactics tied to third-party litigation funding (TPLF) is only the latest in a wave of state efforts to limit the practice across the country.
TPLF occurs when outside investors profit from lawsuits by paying for legal costs in exchange for a share of the settlement or judgement if the suit wins. In practice, this incentivizes prolonged and unnecessary cases and can culminate in extreme nuclear verdicts of $10 million or more.
By partnering with the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB) and digital intelligence company 4WARN to investigate and raise awareness of these practices, the Louisiana department aims to shield the public “from opportunists who manipulate the claims process to fuel excessive litigation, which is a primary driver of our high insurance costs,” said Insurance Commissioner Tim Temple.
A joint study from NICB and 4WARN reveals that third parties invested an estimated $380 million into online search ads from June 2024 to June 2025, attracting 27.8 million clicks to TPLF-hosted websites in June of last year alone. Some mislead policyholders into believing they are communicating with their insurer to escalate disputes before they talk to the insurance company, the Louisiana insurance department said, reflecting a coordinated online claimant recruitment system designed to promote legal system abuse.
Beyond inflating insurance premiums, TPLF costs each U.S. household more than $600 annually, at $192.79 per individual, in lost earnings and purchasing power, according to a report from the Perryman Group and Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse. Another finding suggests direct annual losses associated with TPLF total $35.8 billion as of 2024.
A growing trend
Legislation targeting TPLF reached a record nationwide high last year, including within a package of Georgia reforms that, among other things, requires litigation financiers to register with the state Department of Banking and Finance and prohibits them from influencing case outcomes, such as by making decisions related to settlements or counsel selection. In the wake of these reforms, the Peach State has welcomed a trend of major auto insurance rate reductions and unprecedented dividends for thousands of drivers.
More recently, a new Mississippi law that takes effect July 1 will mandate disclosure of foreign litigation funding to prevent foreign entities from exploiting the U.S. legal system for sensitive information. Utah passed its own bill in March, introducing comparable restrictions.
Legislation that passed a Michigan House committee earlier this month would bar foreign TPLF altogether, as well as require disclosure and registration of all funders in TPLF-backed cases. Similar bans on foreign TPLF have been proposed in Missouri, Tennessee, and Ohio, with bills in the latter two states both passing their state Houses.
Louisiana lawmakers have also introduced legislation to increase TPLF transparency, building on the state’s 2024 law introducing some oversight of foreign TPLF. The proposed bill would further require attorneys to disclose TPLF contracts either within 30 days of being retained as counsel or 30 days of entering a funding agreement, depending on whichever action comes first. Though the bill failed to receive a vote in the state’s previous legislative session, it continues to garner strong bipartisan support.
While Louisiana’s overall premium rates declined in 2025, including a 5.8 percent average decrease in auto premiums, Temple noted in a separate statement that “we should not necessarily expect to see this level of decrease in future years unless we continue to pursue legal reform that addresses the foundational reasons our rates are the highest in the country.”
By Jeff Dunsavage, Head of Research Publications and Insights, Triple-I
The restoration of FEMA’s Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) program after its sudden cancellation a year ago is good news for communities that will benefit from the program.
Congress established BRIC through the Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 to ensure a stable funding source to support mitigation projects annually. Before its cancellation on April 4, 2025, the program had allocated more than $5 billion for investment in mitigation projects to alleviate human suffering and avoid economic losses from floods, wildfires, and other disasters.
At the time the program was cancelled, Chad Berginnis, executive director of the Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM), was critical of the decision.
“Although ASFPM has had some qualms about how FEMA’s BRIC program was implemented, it was still a cornerstone of our nation’s hazard mitigation strategy, and the agency has worked to make improvements each year,” Berginnis said.
A coalition of 23 states challenged the cancellation and secured a court order requiring FEMA to restore billions in funding to communities that rely on the hazard-mitigation program. In a March 6 ruling, a U.S. district judge Richard G. Stearns gave FEMA 21days to unfreeze the approximately $750 million in grants that have been in limbo since the cancellation, which it did on March 31.
Tighter scrutiny
The restored BRIC program is largely the same statutory program, but now it operates under tighter judicial and congressional scrutiny. FEMA also explicitly states that the restored program:
Prioritizes infrastructure and construction projects that deliver immediate, measurable risk reduction;
Limits capability‑ and capacity‑building activities to those directly tied to infrastructure; and
Excludes stand‑alone planning activities not connected to physical mitigation outcomes
“BRIC isn’t a perfect program, but it’s a necessary one,” said Daniel Kaniewski, CEO of Northstar Risk & Resilience, a former FEMA deputy administrator, and a Triple-I non-resident scholar. “It was formed to help drive investment in creating disaster-resilient communities – a very real need.”
Kaniewski drew comparisons with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) “Risk Rating 2.0” reforms, which aligned NFIP premiums more closely with the risk characteristics of insured properties. Before the reforms, lower-risk property owners frequently subsidized the coverage of higher-risk homes. Risk Rating 2.0 made rates fairer and the program more fiscally sound. But further reforms to NFIP are necessary, just as BRIC may need to be updated based on lessons learned from the first few years of the program’s implementation.
Kaniewski offered a final caution.
“BRIC alone – or any federal program on its own – isn’t going to close the nation’s disaster resilience gap,” he said. “It’s going to take community leaders, emergency managers, businesses, nonprofits – and, of course, the insurance industry – pulling in the same direction. The burden can’t exclusively fall on the property owners and federal taxpayers.”
By Jeff Dunsavage, Head of Research Publications and Insights, Triple-I
If oil prices continue to rise due to hostilities in the Middle East, fewer drivers on the road could lead to fewer accidents and insurance claims. However, increased severity – driven by rising replacement costs – would likely overwhelm any decrease in frequency over time, according to Patrick Schmid, Triple-I’s chief insurance officer.
“Even before the war, repair costs were rising more than twice as fast as general inflation,” Schmid said. “From the supply-chain disruptions of COVID through the past year’s economic policy uncertainty with tariffs, as well as legal system abuse, upward pressure on claim costs has been unrelenting.”
Indeed, more costly gas might not affect driving as much as one might expect. According to the American Public Transportation Association, a 10 percent rise only reduces driving by 0.2 to 0.3 percent. Even if high prices continue, the average drop is just 1.1 to 1.5 percent.
“People still need to get to work and run their lives,” Schmid said. “Gas price alone isn’t enough to dramatically change that.”
Research shows wealthier drivers cut back on driving more than lower-income drivers – who tend to have fewer choices as to how they get to and from work – when gas gets expensive. Policyholders who can’t easily reduce their driving are often the ones with tighter budgets and older, less safe vehicles.
Oil prices don’t just affect how much people drive — they also flow through the entire repair supply chain. The cost of auto maintenance and repair climbed roughly 10 percent from 2023 to 2024 alone, a trend pushed higher by inflation and a shortage of skilled technicians.
What does this mean for policyholders?
The factors that influence premiums vary widely by state, and accident frequency is just one of them. Louisiana – one of the least-affordable states – has recently seen declines in premiums as a result of both reduced frequency and severity.
A major contributor to high premiums is the prevalence of fraud and legal system abuse in those states. States like Florida that have proactively sought to address these factors through legal system reforms, have begun to see rate declines. Since Florida’s reforms, nearly 20 new property insurers have entered the state and existing carriers have expanded their market share, driving renewed competition in the private market. This facilitated the lowest number of policies administered by Citizens Property Insurance Corp. – the state-run insurer of last resort – in over a decade.
“It’s encouraging to see other states beginning to follow Florida’s lead,” Schmid said. “It’s important for policymakers to follow successful examples.”
Texas lawmakers struggling to ease the state’s rising insurance costs might find useful insights from Florida’s sustained commitment to legal system abuse reform.
In recent years, Florida led the nation in claim-related litigation, accounting for 72 percent of homeowners’ insurance lawsuits despite representing only 10 percent of homeowners’ claims. This disparity fueled escalating premium rates and a multi-year insurer exodus, steering state lawmakers toward litigation reforms in 2022 and 2023. These reforms, among other things, curtailed one-way attorney fees and assignment of benefits (AOB) for property insurance claims.
Post-reform, dozens of homeowners’ and auto insurers have filed for premium reductions in the state, with some carriers filing cumulative reductions of more than 20 percent. Renewed market competition from the 18 new property insurers in the Sunshine State also facilitated the lowest number of policies administered by Citizens Property Insurance Corp. – the state-run insurer of last resort – in over a decade, at a 50 percent drop last year from 2024 due to successful depopulation to the private market.
Florida’s growing stability reflects a steady decrease in nuclear verdicts (awards of $10 million or more) and claims-related lawsuits, with every month of 2025 reporting a continued decline in newly filed litigation compared to the same month the previous year, the state governor’s office said in a statement.
Texas insurance premiums spiral
Unlike Florida’s trajectory, Texas once set the gold standard for a fair and balanced court system, leading with a series of 1990s and early 2000s reforms that included a $250,000 cap on noneconomic damages in medical malpractice cases. While this legislation remains intact, continued efforts have stalled under repeated legislative challenges to preexisting and proposed reforms.
Last year’s failed state Senate Bill 30, for instance – based on a similar Florida measure – aimed to restrict “phantom damages” by showing juries the actual amount paid for medical bills, rather than an inflated amount determined by a healthcare provider’s list prices. Such amounts contribute to outsized damage awards in the state, which hosted the highest volume of U.S. nuclear verdicts in 2024.
Insurers must account for these added costs when setting rates, leading to a 19 percent increase in average Texas homeowners’ insurance rates in 2024 after a 21 percent spike in 2023, according to Texas Department of Insurance data. Research from the Insurance Research Council – an affiliate of The Institutes, like Triple-I – ranked Texas as the sixth least affordable state for homeowners’ insurance in 2022, with homeowners on average paying 3.13 percent of median household income for coverage.
These trends earned Texas a spot on the American Tort Reform Foundation’s (ATRF) annual “Judicial Hellhole” watch list last year, which highlighted “a wave of industry-targeted lawsuits” within the state. Noting that excess litigation also costs Texans an average of $1,724 each year, ATRF president Tiger Joyce argued “Texas courts are in jeopardy — and it’s hardworking families who pay the price for lawsuit abuse.”
Texas policymakers would do well to build on the state’s track record of meaningful reform and continue pushing for legislation modeled on Florida’s success. Because the Texas Legislature will not meet again until January 2027, the Lone Star State will remain a difficult litigious environment for defendants and insurers alike for some time.
Legislative reforms to address claim fraud and legal system abuse in Florida have continued to help stabilize the state’s property/casualty insurance market, contributing to premium reductions for thousands of homeowners and drivers, according to the latest Triple-I Issues Brief.
Since the reforms, nearly 20 new property insurers have entered the state and existing carriers have expanded their market share, driving renewed competition in the private market. This shift facilitated the lowest number of policies administered by Citizens Property Insurance Corp. – the state-run insurer of last resort – in over a decade, after a 50 percent drop in policies in force from 2024.
Claims-related litigation has also plummeted, with insurance litigation filings down 23 percent year-over-year from 2023 to 2024. Filings then fell 25 percent during the first half of 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, and remain below pre-2018 levels, as reported by the state governor’s office.
Florida’s reforms were enacted in 2022 and 2023, at a time when the state accounted for 72 percent of the nation’s homeowners claim-related litigation but only 10 percent of homeowners claims. The disparity reflected escalating premium rates and a multi-year insurer exodus, steering state lawmakers toward litigation reforms that, among other things, curtailed one-way attorney fees and assignment of benefits (AOB) for property insurance claims.
Ongoing market momentum
The impact of the reforms is particularly evident in Florida’s auto insurance market, which recorded the lowest personal auto liability loss ratio in the nation – and the state’s lowest in 15 years – in 2025, at 52.5 percent, according to the OIR. The market’s physical damage loss ratio also fell to 49.5 percent, reflecting a steady decline from 112.0 percent in 2022.
Such stability produced extensive savings for Florida drivers in 2025, with the state’s top five auto insurance groups averaging a more than 6 percent rate reduction through mid-year, accounting for 78 percent of the state’s auto market. These reductions have increased to an average of 8 percent based on the most recent 2026 regulatory filings.
Homeowners are also experiencing relief after more than 185 residential filings for flat or decreased rates over the past two years, the OIR reported. Rate changes have continued to flatten in the state after years of tracking the upward trend of rates nationally.
Lower reinsurance costs factor into this finding, translating to a 10.7 percent price decrease overall on reinsurance in 2025, according to a Gallagher Re report on the sustained success of Florida’s reforms.
“Hurricanes Helene and Milton, two powerful and destructive storms that hit Florida in September-October 2024, also provided a useful – if unwanted – test case for the reforms’ efficacy,” the report added. “Many insurers ceded losses on layers below the state’s catastrophe fund, but despite this, there was more reinsurance capacity than expected available for these layers.”
Ridesharing platforms like Uber are as vulnerable as other businesses to the cost impacts of legal system abuse – costs that inevitably are passed along to their customers. The company reported a more than 50 percent increase in its ride insurance costs per trip in recent years, despite also recording a lower rate of overall crashes from 2017 to 2022.
Passengers see these costs reflected in trip prices, with insurance accounting for roughly 10 percent of the average rider fare nationwide, or as high as 47 percent in costlier areas like Los Angeles County.
“Insurance for us is the second-highest operating cost after payment to drivers,” said Adam Blinick, Uber’s senior director of public policy and communications, in a recent Executive Exchange interview with Triple-I CEO Sean Kevelighan. “It’s been a bit of a calling card to get more aggressive on litigation and being public about where we see the abuse.”
Coordinated attorney outreach helps fuel the trend. Among motor accident victims surveyed by Protecting American Consumers Together, attorneys contacted 92 percent after their accident, including 57 percent who reported they were contacted by more than one. Solicitation typically occurred within a week of the incident, or “before insurance can play a part in addressing someone’s concerns,” Blinick noted.
“This creates more avenues to push people into these mills and artificially inflate the value of claims,” he said.
Third-party litigation funders play a major role in recruiting claimants. Though lack of transparency surrounding the market conceals its true size, a recent report from the National Insurance Crime Bureau and 4WARN estimates third-party funders spent more than $380 million on online search ads alone between June 2024 and June 2025, with some engaging in brand impersonation and search engine manipulation to mislead consumers and extend litigation.
Research from Triple-I and the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) estimates excessive litigation added $231.6 billion to $281.2 billion in liability insurance losses from 2015 to 2024, a finding that economic inflation alone cannot explain. A separate Triple-I report on civil case filings reinforces the finding, revealing approximately $42.8 billion in excess litigation value from motor vehicle tort cases filed between 2014 and 2023 in the federal and state civil courts.
“That’s a drop in the bucket to the reality of the problem,” Kevelighan said, “because less than 10 percent of cases had judgments. Others were settled and we can’t necessarily track the settlement data.”
Blinick discussed how uninsured and underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) insurance limits can also attract high claim volumes and disputes, particularly for the rideshare industry. Multiple states require ridesharing businesses to pay $1 million or more for such coverage, with limits in New York set at $1.25 million. Though intended to provide relief for policyholders hit by UM or UIM, these requirements mean bad actors stand to win more from claims, incentivizing excessive lawsuits and fraud.
Staged crashes generate many such claims, with some schemes involving a network of rideshare passengers who are “tied to the law firm, the medical providers, the body shops, the lenders themselves… all across the board,” Blinick said.
He added that many offenders “are the same ones who are doing slip and fall claims and mass tort suits against cities and counties. They’re not picky in terms of who they’re going after. They’re going wherever the opportunity presents itself.”
A 2025 California law that went into effect this year aims to help mitigate fraud by reducing the rideshare industry’s UM/UIM coverage limits from $1 million to $300,000 per accident. Uber has also submitted a November 2026 ballot measure that would cap contingency fees and limit medical damages in vehicle accident cases within the state, as well as shown support for New York’s 2027 budget proposals to combat fraud and unnecessary litigation.
Though U.S. economic growth in the coming year remains strong, an ongoing rise in legal system abuse and emerging AI trends may challenge that outlook, according to Chubb chairman and CEO Evan Greenberg in a recent letter to shareholders.
Describing the 2026 market outlook as a “mixed picture,” Greenberg explained that, despite growth drivers like innovation investments and federal deregulation efforts, these gains face challenges from the “cancer” of excessive litigation, which raises costs on “just about everything – transportation, food, construction, insurance and more.” Such expenses amount to an average “tort tax” of $4,000 annually per household, Greenberg argued, and inflate liability insurance costs up 7 percent to 9 percent a year.
“The trial bar is a money-making growth industry, and it continues to expand as lawyers search for new theories of liability to bring more lawsuits,” Greenberg said, adding that third-party litigation funders (TPLF) help turn “courtroom payouts into a speculative asset class.”
Florida has made substantial progress in mitigating these costs through its 2022 and 2023 reforms, contributing to a $4.2 billion increase in business activity and the creation of more than 29,000 jobs, the Perryman Group estimates. Several states, including Georgia, Louisiana, and New York, have also enacted legislation establishing greater oversight of TPLF, spurring similar legislative momentum on a federal level.
Greenberg emphasized the need for continued reforms as courtroom imbalances persist nationwide, noting “it will be a long fight” before policyholders begin to see their impact on insurance premiums and other costs.
Accommodating a digital age
Rapid advancements in AI have bolstered productivity “in all aspects of the underwriting and claims processes,” Greenberg said, facilitating deeper insights, improved customer experiences, and new product innovations. Integrating AI into the insurance industry, however, poses unique hurdles, particularly as companies grapple with an expanding talent gap.
AI adoption can help attract professionals who may otherwise overlook the industry, but upskilling and reskilling current employees is essential to push adoption forward. By investing in AI skill development, such expertise can be paired with “business professionals and managers who know intimately how the business works and what’s required for change,” Greenberg explained.
While any major tech transformation demands “iterative, gritty work,” Greenberg reiterated “the stronger our competitive profile, the more we will grow, which means more employment over time with higher productivity. And remember, when it comes to most insurance, people still want to deal with people. It’s a trust business.”
As short-term rentals grow increasingly popular, many hosts remain unaware of the added complexity and often higher costs of properly insuring them, according to Triple-I’s latest Outlook.
Though coverage needs will vary, standard homeowners’ insurance policies typically exclude losses from commercial activity, which encompasses a broader range of risks with higher corresponding premiums, the report explains. Because short-term rentals fall under commercial use, rental owners who fail to update their existing policies may face denied claims, reduced liability coverage, higher deductibles, and other serious consequences.
Operating short-term rentals in two-unit or multi-unit dwellings compounds these concerns, as uncovered incidents affect the master insurance policy shared by both the rental unit owner(s) and their neighbors. In such instances, losses can impact the policy terms, conditions, exclusions, and premiums for all residents.
Across single and multi-unit dwellings, commercial activity may violate the permit requirements and operational restrictions set by state and local laws, leading to further policy limitations and potentially cancellation or nonrenewal, the report notes. While short-term rentals most directly increase liability exposure, such policy changes may also impact coverage for physical loss or damage, content loss or damage, and loss of use.
For homeowners planning to rent out their residences, the report outlines the following steps to maintain coverage and remain adequately protected:
Notify their insurer: Before operating the rental, owners must contact their insurance carrier, broker, or agent, including the master policy insurance carrier if the dwelling is multi-unit.
Comply with policy terms: Rental owners must adhere to their existing homeowners’ policy terms, conditions, and exclusions for short-term rentals, including any restrictions on number of guests and days or nights for rental use.
Obtain appropriate coverage: Depending on individual circumstances, rental owners may purchase commercial property insurance, small business insurance, or short-term rental-specific coverages to protect against the commercial risks of short-term rental use. In multi-unit dwellings, all unit owners must collectively purchase new coverage.
Many insurance carriers offer short-term rental endorsements or allow rental periods on standard homeowners’ policies, though restrictions still apply. Consulting with an insurance professional to understand available coverage options is crucial to meeting the specific needs of a given rental unit.
Triple-I’s new Outlook builds on testimony from Triple-I Chief Economist and Data Scientist Dr. Michel Léonard to New York City committee members last year as they considered legislation to expand homeowners’ ability to earn income through short-term rentals. Léonard discussed the potential insurance challenges of the expansion, focusing on the pervasive protection gap among residents using their homes for commercial purposes. Neither bill successfully made it past the city council.
Triple-I’s latest Issues Brief, Lloyd’s: Trends and Insights, spotlights one of the world’s leading specialist insurance and reinsurance marketplaces. The brief explains how the nearly 350-year-old platform has functioned differently from the common stand-alone model while evolving into an integral source of capacity and resilience for the global 21st-century risk landscape.
Contrary to a common misperception, Lloyd’s is not a single insurer; rather it’s a marketplace – i.e. hub, network, platform – connecting risk brokers, underwriters, and capital providers who negotiate the transfer of risk. It consists of three core groups:
Members: Persons or corporate entities that provide the capital that funds a syndicate.
Syndicates: An accounting construct with assets, liabilities, and Profit and Loss (P&L) statement segregated from those of other Lloyd’s syndicates.
Managing Agents: Entities appointed by syndicate members to handle underwriting and claims, as well as oversee the governance and operations on behalf of the syndicates.
The arrangement allows policies to have multiple underwriters, enabling each underwriter to take on more risk than they would have the appetite for as a sole underwriter. As a result, complex and hard-to-place risks can be covered.
Another distinctive feature of Lloyd’s is its capital structure, also known as the “Chain of Security.” The brief explains how the Chain of Security is designed to provide the financial backing for all insurance policies written at Lloyd’s. As a result of this setup, the major rating agencies typically apply a single financial strength rating (FSR) to all the policies written through Lloyd’s, regardless of which syndicates participate in the policy.
Successful handling of long-tail and complex risks – where claims may emerge decades later – can be vital to fostering confidence in the larger insurance industry. Throughout its long history, Lloyd’s has been called upon to absorb extreme and unexpected losses while paying claims and recapitalizing. This track record includes playing a key role in supporting U.S. economic recovery, from major disasters, such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the September 11 attacks, Hurricane Katrina, and more recent hurricanes and wildfires.
Managing uncertainty in today’s fast-evolving risk landscape can require keeping abreast of interconnected threats that outpace traditional risk management strategies. Insurers and risk managers can improve the prediction and prevention of emerging threats across core strategic areas:
advancing analytics capabilities
strengthening capital resilience
collaborating across the industry
Centering these objectives, Lloyd’s cultivates channels for talent development, innovation, and new capital flows.
For example, its London Bridge 2 (LB2) platform gives institutional investors a flexible and efficient means to deploy funds into the Lloyd’s market, attracting approximately $2.5 billion in new capital since its launch in 2022. Lloyd’s education platform supports the sustainable growth of the market by equipping professionals with the insight needed to navigate the emerging risk landscape. And, Lloyd’s Lab – a product development accelerator designed to rapidly develop, test, and refine new products, concepts, and solutions – supported 48 U.S. startups, which collectively have raised $490 million to scale solutions tackling wildfire, flood, and cyber risks.
The United States is Lloyd’s largest market, accounting for roughly half of the marketplace’s global premiums. Excess and surplus underwriting accounts for over 60 percent of Lloyd’s total premiums written in the U.S. In 2024, this share worked out to $20.8 billion in surplus lines insurance capacity, approximately 16 percent of the entire U.S. surplus lines market. Additionally, Lloyd’s gross written premiums for U.S. reinsurance totaled $9.86 billion in 2024, with the marketplace ceding around $2.9 billion annually in reinsurance premiums to U.S. reinsurers.
This special edition of the Triple-I issue brief series is part of ongoing efforts to educate and raise awareness about how insurance market participants support coverage affordability and availability.
